Social Security and the Elderly Free Essay Example, 2750 words

The present research has identified that social security reform has never taken specific aim at the elderly and may account for the current status of impoverished elderly Americans. While there is a strong commitment at all levels of US government to provide human services to help needy Americans from all walks of life, statistics reveal that most of the efforts have not been productive among the elderly. Social Security is the primary method for assisting the needy in the US. Under the current law with respect to US social security, social security is predicated on the theory that assistance is necessary for maintaining a fair quality of life for those who cannot earn incomes on account of age, death or disability. To this end, previous workers who have either reached the age of retirement or have become disabled are entitled to Social Security benefits that corresponds with how long they have worked and how much they previously earned. The spouses and children of those entitl ed to Social Security benefits are also eligible for Social Security. The elderly continue to remain the largest group to receive Social Security benefits in the US. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Security and the Elderly or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Moreover, the current economic crisis has even greater significance for increased poverty among the elderly having regard to the heavy reliance on social security.

The Effect Of Body Cameras On Police Work - 1722 Words

Rialto, California is an example of a city with positive results from the use of body-cameras. In Rialto, police began wearing body-cameras a little less than three years ago. As a result of officers wearing body-cameras, citizens’ complaints against police officers dropped 88 percent and use of force by police officers dropped 60 percent from the previous 12 month period when body-cameras were not in use. Rialto’s police chief said, â€Å"When you put a camera on a police officer, they tend to behave a little better, follow the rules a little better. And if the citizen knows the officer is wearing a camera, chances are the citizen will behave a little better† (Lovett). The belief in the beneficial nature of using body-worn cameras in police work is becoming widely accepted. It has come to the point that that even police officers and their unions are supporting the universal use of body-cameras. For example, in Washington D.C., the police union backed a policy change by management mandating body cameras (Mangu-Ward). It is unusual for the police union to support a policy change mandated by management. In this case, that policy change was not subject to union approval. However, the union feels like cameras protect police. The union said that it favors body cameras because they will discourage citizens from filing false complaints against police. People who want to make false complaints will know that there is evidence to show that those complaints are false. In addition, in aShow MoreRelatedBody Camera Research1717 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Body camera research http://0-go.galegroup.com.skyline.ucdenver.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA392257319v=2.1u=auraria_mainit=rp=AONEsw=wauthCount=1 A study conducted by Cambridge University in 2012 and 2013 examined the effect of body cameras when the full local police force in Rialto, Calif., began using them. In the first year of the technology s introduction, use of force by officers fell 60 percent, while citizen complaints against police plunged 88 percent. (https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/police_body-mounted_camerasRead MorePolice Brutality Is A Big Problem, Not Only In The Usa,1441 Words   |  6 Pages Police brutality is a big problem, not only in the USA, but also around the world. There have been lots of effort to change this, from police departments to governments, to communities. One such effort has been the addition of body-worn cameras to the uniforms of police officers, in order to enforce accountability. This makes it so that, if there were a controversial case questioning whether the force displayed by an officer was warranted or not, there would be a video of the encounter, which isRead MorePolice Officers And Body Cameras Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pagesagencies, or more specifically police officers, are under constant scrutiny from their peers as well as outside sources. Many of these problems arise from how the police treat and deal with these citizens. There is however a solution to these problems, which can not on ly improve officer safety, but can also protect anyone else that the officer encounters. The solution to this problem is officer mounted camera systems, or better known as body cameras. These body cameras capture almost everything anRead MoreCivil And Human Rights : Excessive Use Of Force954 Words   |  4 PagesPolice bodied mounted cameras has been a crucial topic in regards to civil and human rights about excessive use of force. Not to mention, excessive use of force has been on the rise lately which has caught tons of attention from multiple range of communities such as the African American community. The encounter of excessive use of force has grabbed many police department’s attention to change their way of reducing such act. By all means, most agencies around the world had already implemented theRead MoreThe Surveillance Of Law Enforcement Officers1439 Words   |  6 Pagesevidence to support their case on the degree of force they used during the incident in question . One of the majorly used and promoted reforms is the use of body worn cameras on all officers during their shift. Research and studies have promoted this technique as it offers many advantages to help resolve the issues faced. Body worn cameras provide agencies with video footage of all occurrences as if through the officers’ perspective, giving accurate and reliable information rather than the officer’sRead MoreLaw Enforcement Cameras Are An Absolute Invasion Of Our Privacy980 Words   |  4 Pagesenforcement cameras Would you like to be watch at any time, under any circumstances? 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As opposed to popular belief, body cameras can notRead MorePrivacy Violations At The Open Lake Park Police Department1671 Words   |  7 Pagesthe officers protecting them, feel protected the implementation of body-worn-cameras in the police force is occurring. Sometimes, this equipment malfunctions and ends up doing more harm than the good it promised. When this occurs, a reevaluation of how the cameras are being used should happen to make sure improvements occur. As shown by the recent privacy violations to the Round Lake Police Department regarding body-worn cameras, officers need to become more familiar with the technology they areRead MorePolice Force Against Citizens During The United States Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pageseighty-six is the number of people killed by police officers in 2015 in the United States, which is more than double the deaths reported annually over the past decade (The Washington Post). That number given is a total count of deaths under any circumstance of the fatality. Police force against citizens has become more and more aggressive each year, all though some of the force is needed for the situation, hundreds of people each year get killed by police that use force that is not necessary. TheRead MoreBody Cameras And Its Effect On Society1498 Words   |  6 PagesFurthermore, as opposed to popular belief, body cameras can not only lead citizens to act lawfully, they can also provide amenity for both officers and citizens. Throughout history, times have arisen where an officer has acted out of the law. Body cameras can ensure that officers acting unlawful are punished for their wrongdoings. (The Police Foundation) A a result, this can assure citizens that they are not the only ones being punished for acting out of the law. Officers and citizens will also be

Decision and Process of Playdough Company †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Decision and Process of Playdough Company. Answer: Introduction: The decision by Playdough Company to make the canisters internally or to purchase them externally from the Canister Company is what is commonly referred to as make or buy decision in management accounting (Garrison, Noreen, Chesley, and Carrol, 2000, p.422). This decision can also be thought of as outsourcing. The decision is based on the identified relevant costs and benefits. This is often achieved by using relevant-costing approach and activity-based costing (ABC) system. Relevant Cost Approach. In order to make this decision, Playdough needs to take into consideration the relevant costs. According to Williams, Haka, and Bettner (2008, p.327), the value of the relevant costs is determined by the level of activity or the type of alternative activities being undertaken by the company. It is important that the company identifies the relevant costs and benefits for two reasons. Firstly, the process of acquiring, interpreting, and presenting information is often time-consuming and costly, by only paying attention to the relevant data; the accountant can simplify and reduce the time spent. Secondly, it has been established that people only effectively make use of limited information; compilation of large amounts of data reduces the level and quality of decision-making (Hilton and Platt, 2014, p.592). The most common relevant costs are sunk costs and differential cost. Sunk costs are those that have already been incurred by the company and cannot be changed by any current and/ or future actions of the company (Garrison et al., 2000, p. 443). In this analysis sunk costs are not relevant given that the company has started operations. The second categories of costs are differential costs which can also be thought of as avoidable, relevant, and/or incremental costs (Garrison et al., 2000, p. 444). Differential costs are variation in costs arising from two alternative decisions (Accounting for Management Organisation n.d.). In the case of Playdough, the differential costs are the only relevant costs. In the differential cost analysis approach a summary of the benefits of one alternative relative to another alternative is given. Playdough Company has the choice to make or purchase the canisters. When making this decision, the company will take into consideration the costs that would be saved by outsourcing the production relative to the cost of purchasing the canisters. The company would be able to save variable costs and some overhead costs by outsourcing the production. The computations are given as follows Item Cost Direct materials $ 300,000.00 Direct labour $ 180,000.00 Variable overhead $ 120,000.00 Fixed overhead: Supervisor Salaries $80,000 Machinery Depreciation $28,000 $ 108,000.00 Total Cost Saved By Outsourcing $ 708,000.00 Cost of Purchasing the Canister = $1 per canister x 760,000 canister = $ 760, 000 The cost spent to purchase the canisters is $ 760,000 while the costs saved is $ 708,000. This indicates that the amount spent on purchasing the canister rather than producing them in-house would be $ 42,000 more. It can thus be concluded that it is more beneficial to make the canister than to buy. Thus the offer is rejected. Activity Based Cost Analysis Approach. This approach was developed by Johnson and Kaplan in 1987 as a solution to the process of determining the costs and factors that bring about indirect costs (Moisello, 2012, p. 1). The specific aim was to provide a direct relationship between products and their associated costs. In the activity based cost (ABC) analysis the production costs are assumed to arise from the performance of activities which results in the production of goods and services that are sold. The ABC process is divided into two stages. Firstly, the costs are associated to the activities and secondly, the costs are then correlated to the products. The advantage of using the ABC approach is that the utilisation of resources in not only analysed in relation to the quantity of production, but also in relations to the activities associated with production in the organisation. Similar to the approach employed by Hilton and Platt (2014, pp 610-611), the activities at Playdough can be broken down into two stages. The first stage involves identifying the unit level also known as the batch level. The second stage consists of identifying the costs drivers associated with each unit. In the analysis using relevant costing approach only the supervisor salary and machinery depreciation were taken into consideration as the fixed costs to be avoided from external sourcing. However, there are other fixed costs associated with the production of canisters including electricity, oil and lubricants, inspection, administrative staff, maintenance, product development, plant depreciation, and set up costs. These costs are indirect fixed costs and as such should be allocated to the fixed cost of producing canisters. Assuming that the indirect unit level fixed costs associated with the production of the canisters were $300,000 then the cost saved by outsourcing would be Item Cost Direct materials $ 300,000.00 Direct labour $ 180,000.00 Variable overhead $ 120,000.00 Fixed overhead $ 300,000.00 Total Cost Saved By Outsourcing $ 900, 000.00 The cost saved by outsourcing is $900,000 while the cost incurred in purchasing the canisters is $ 760,000 a difference of $140,000. Using the ABC approach the offer is accepted. The relevant analysis and the ABC analysis have reached different conclusions. However, it should be noted that both approaches identified the relevant costs as those that would be avoided by purchasing the canisters. According to Holt and Platt (2014, p.611), the consideration of the avoidable costs is valid with the only difference between both approaches being the better capability of the ABC approach to specifically recognise the avoidable costs associated with the process of production. In conclusion, both approaches are valid, however, ABC is more superior at identifying avoidable costs. Therefore, the company should purchase the canisters. Manufacturers are sometimes confronted with the decision of whether to sell a product at the stipulated full price or at a discounted rate. When making such decisions, the manufacturer has to take into consideration all the benefits and costs Revenue Sale of Canisters (760,000 * $ 2.20) $ 1,672,000.00 Cost Direct materials $ 300,000.00 Direct labour 12000 hrs at $15 per hr $ 180,000.00 Variable overhead $10 per direct labour hr $ 120,000.00 Fixed overhead $45 per direct labour hr $ 540,000.00 Total cost $ 1,140,000.00 Profits $ 532,000.00 Profit per canister = $532,000/ 760,000 = $ 0.70 per canister If the canisters are sold at $1.40 rather than $2.20 the amount received by the company would reduce by $ 0.80. This suggests that the offer should be rejected. The decision can also be made using the break-even analysis. At the break-even level, the cost of production per unit is equal to the sale price per unit (Arsham, 2015). Simply put at the break-even point, the profit is zero. However, the company is able to recover the associated costs of manufacturing the items. The cost of producing a canister is $ 1.50, selling at $ 1.40 would result in a deficit of $ 0.10. The company would not be able to break-even as such the offer should be rejected. Other Considerations in Special Offer In situations where the company has extra capacity, the accountant needs to reconsider the incremental costs (Heisinger and Hoyle, 2017). Incremental costs are those that are incurred when the special order is accepted (University of North Florida, 2015). The variable costs of production are also taken into consideration as they are incremental and have a negative effect on profitability. There are no variable costs savings associated with special offers. Incremental benefits are also taken into consideration. They are mostly revenues that arise from the extra revenue earned from the special offer (University of North Florida, 2015). In this situation, Playdough has the capacity to produce the additional units thus the revenue from the additional sales will increase income. The costs that are not affected by the special order decision are not taken into consideration when making computation (Atrill and Mclaney, 2013, p.331). These costs are mostly fixed costs which are recurring expenses that remain irrespective whether the special order is accepted. In this situation, the contribution of the special offer will be taken into consideration. The contribution is calculated as follows Item Cost Direct materials $ 300,000.00 Direct labour 12000 hrs at $15 per hr $ 180,000.00 Variable overhead $10 per direct labour hr $ 120,000.00 Total Direct Cost $ 600,000.00 Direct Cost per Canister = $ 600,000 / 760,000 canisters = $ 0.79 per canister Contribution when canister is sold at the special offer price = $ 1.40 $ 0.79 = $0.61 The profit from selling to the outside company = $ 0.61 x 22,000 = $ 13,420 The second analysis indicates that the special offer would result in a profit of $ 13,240. The profits would be used to increase the profit level of Playdough and could be used to pay off some of the fixed costs. Since Playdough has the extra capacity, the optimal decision in this situation would be to accept the special offer. The basic consideration on whether to manufacture the coffee cups is the resultant profit margin. The profit margins are calculated as follows Item Cost Direct material $0.6 Direct labour $0.2 Variable overhead $0.1 Fixed overhead $0.15 Total Costs Per Cup $1.05 The profit margin = Sales price total manufacturing cost per cup = 1.20 1.05 = $ 0.05 This suggests that the company should make the cups. (i) Allocated over heads: The common fixed costs need to be taken into consideration. Common fixed costs refer to overheads that support the manufacturing activities of more than one segment of the business organisation (Hilton and Platt, 2014, p.600). These costs are not partially or wholly avoidable by doing away with a given part of the production process. For example, the wages of the companys CEO would not be reduced or eliminated if any of the product lines were discontinued. The process of costing the fixed overheads to a particular product line or business unit is what is referred to as the allocation of overheads (Porter and Norton, 2013, p. 213). The common fixed costs for Playdough Company is the difference between the total fixed costs and the costs associated with the manufacture of canisters ($ 80,000 for Supervisor and $28,000 for machinery depreciation) Common Fixed Cost = $ 540, 000 -$ 80,000 -$2 8,000 = $ 432,000 Total Units Produced= 760,000 units +400,000 units = 1,160, 000 units Common fixed cost per unit = $ 432,000 / 1,160,000 units = $0.37 per unit Allocating the common fixed cost = $0.05 per unit - $ 0.37 per unit = ($ 0.32) When the common fixed costs are allocated to the production of coffee cups the margins are found to be negative. This suggests that the coffee cups should not be produced. However, according to Garrison et al., (2000, p. 454) such a decision would be falling into the trap of fully allocated costs. This is because the coffee cups are able to cater for all the costs associated with their production (traceable fixed costs). The production of the coffee cups results in a profit margin of = $ 0.05 x 400,000 = $20,000 Thus unless the company can come up with an alternative product line to generate more than $20,000 segment margin, then the company would be better off manufacturing the coffee cups. By producing the coffee cups, the companys cumulative net operating income will be higher than if the product line were dropped. Conclusion The main use of managerial accounting is that it provides relevant information needed for decision making in the organisation. By undertaking critical analysis using different approaches and methodologies, Playdough Company can determine the best course of actions. References Accounting for Management Organisation (n.d.) Differential, opportunity and sunk costs. Available at https://www.accountingformanagement.org/differential-opportunity-and-sunk-costs/ (Accessed: 30 August 2017). Arsham, P., 2015. Break even analysis and forecasting. Available at https://home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/Business-stat/otherapplets/BreakEven.htm (Accessed: 30 August 201). Atrill, P., and Mclaney, E., 2013. Financial accounting for decision making (7th ed. ). New York: Pearson. Garrison, R., Noreen, E., Chesley, G., and Carrol, R., 2000. Managerial Accounting: Concepts for planning, control, and decision making (4th ed.). New York: Mc-Graw-Hill Ryerson. Heisinger, K., and Hoyle, J., 2017. Special order decisions. Flat world. Available at https://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/reader/4402?e=heisinger_1.0-ch07_s02 (Accessed: 31 August 2017). Hilton, R., and Platt, D., 2014. Managerial Accounting: Creating value in a dynamic business environment (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Moisello, A., 2012. Costing for decision making: Activity based costing vs. theory of constraints. The International Journal of Knowledge, Culture, and Change Management, 12, pp. 1-12. Porter, G., and Norton, C., 2013. Financial accounting: The impact on decision making (8th ed.). Ohio: South-western, Cengage Learning. Williams, J., Haka, S., and Bettner, S., 2005. Financial and managerial accounting: The basis of business decision. Boston: McGraw-Hill. University of North Florida, 2015. Special order decision. Available at https://www.unf.edu/~dtanner/dtch/dt_ch20.htm (Accessed: 31 August 2017).